Investigation of pathogenic contamination on toy materials through microbiological and structural characterization approaches

Objective: Toys in kindergartens are frequently exposed to environmental contaminants and hand contact, making them potential reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms. Children, with developing immune systems, are particularly vulnerable to infections. This study aimed to detect Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and coliform bacteria on toys and to characterize toy materials using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Methods: Swab samples were collected from toy surfaces under aseptic conditions and transported under cold-chain conditions. Samples were homogenized in buffered peptone water and serially diluted. Coliforms were detected on VRB and BGBLB media, E. coli on TBX medium, and S. aureus on Baird-Parker Agar with Egg Yolk Tellurite. Identification was confirmed via Gram staining, catalase, DNase, hemolysis, and carbohydrate fermentation tests. FTIR assessed functional groups, XRD examined crystalline structures, and SEM observed surface morphology related to microbial adhesion. Results: Bacteriological analysis showed Staphylococcus spp. (35.33%), S. aureus (5%), E. coli (1%), and coliforms (3.66%). FTIR revealed diverse polymeric structures, XRD showed varying crystallinity, and SEM indicated heterogeneous surface roughness and irregular microstructures facilitating bacterial adhesion. Conclusion: Combining microbiological analyses with FTIR, XRD, and SEM provides a comprehensive method for assessing contamination risks. Kindergarten toys can harbor potentially pathogenic microorganisms, and the structural characteristics of toy materials significantly influence microbial persistence.